Exersize Solutions Of Distributed Operating System By P.k.sinha Distributed Operating Systems are found in devices like routers or embedded controllers that control power, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC). They differ from traditional operating systems in several ways: replication of state data across multiple - even geographically distant - nodes; failure detection and auto-recovery of the system; automated load balancing across available servers or processors to determine which node should handle a request; etc. Node-based databases are used in distributed operating systems for distributed file systems where storage is divided into small chunks that can be shared over multiple nodes in the system, making them ideal for big data applications . The operating system in these environments is very similar to a traditional operating system such as Linux, but the interaction with the hardware (and the underlying hardware drivers) differs. A node in a distributed storage system can be seen as a single computer with its own CPU and memory, and attached storage or network connectivity. The operating system itself is minimal; it features minimal paging and synchronization and interfaces with drivers and application programs to handle input and output. The node may be assigned resources such as CPU time, RAM, storage space and/or network bandwidth based on its function or use. Nodes may also require redundant resources such as multiple CPUs or separate networks, for fault tolerance across components in the node installation. A common type of distributed storage system consists of multiple independent nodes that share the available storage across the nodes. Files are typically replicated across different nodes to make them redundant, or to make it possible to share the files between multiple users. Multiple parallel copies of files are maintained in order to protect against data loss should one copy become unavailable. The goal is usually not mere duplication but increased availability and increased fault tolerance, while reducing replication overhead. An example of such a system is the GridFTP program, which provides Internet users with an FTP server, as well as a simplified version of cdrecord for CD-ROM bulk file transfers. Network-attached storage systems consist of several machines or nodes that are designed to connect to high-speed networks such as Gigabit Ethernet. A NAS may run a small embedded operating system like FreeNAS, OpenFiler and QNAP's QTS software and use the network bandwidth provided by the network to share data between multiple nodes; more advanced NAS products implement virtualization and allow dedicated sets of shared disks on the same physical machine, allowing data replication across multiple machines on a LAN. To increase fault tolerance and overall performance, NAS products often feature multiple hard drives and network interfaces, and redundant transceivers or network interface controllers (NIC). Storage area networks (SANs) are similar to NAS products; the major distinction is that SAN products use Fibre Channel (FC) SAN interconnects rather than Ethernet. A SAN typically consists of a direct-attached disk array with large numbers of disks that can be consolidated into storage arrays providing anywhere from hundreds of gigabytes to petabytes of storage. A SAN may also consist of multiple arrays within one enclosure; initially it was common for each array to contain enough disks for its own RAID implementation.
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